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                        "interpretation": "What the result does and does not say"
                    },
                    "controls": [
                        "Positive control group with a known difference",
                        "Negative or blank control group",
                        "Replicate policy recorded with the dataset",
                        "Significance level declared before the run and recorded with the result"
                    ],
                    "refusals": {
                        "observations_missing": "The request carried no observations to compare.",
                        "observation_unlabelled": "An observation carries no group label.",
                        "observation_not_numeric": "An observation carries a value that is not a number.",
                        "too_few_groups": "A one-way analysis of variance needs at least two groups, each with at least two observations."
                    },
                    "procedure": [
                        {
                            "order": 1,
                            "step": "Validate the dataset schema and hash it"
                        },
                        {
                            "order": 2,
                            "step": "Confirm at least two groups with at least two observations each"
                        },
                        {
                            "order": 3,
                            "step": "Compute per-group descriptives"
                        },
                        {
                            "order": 4,
                            "step": "Test variance homogeneity and screen each group for normality"
                        },
                        {
                            "order": 5,
                            "step": "Run the one-way analysis of variance"
                        },
                        {
                            "order": 6,
                            "step": "Compare every pair of groups and correct across the pairs"
                        },
                        {
                            "order": 7,
                            "step": "Package the result and its hashes"
                        }
                    ],
                    "execution": {
                        "default_provider": "automated-assays-computational",
                        "provider_rule": "A request may name a provider that supports the exact operation. A provider that does not support it is refused, and is never substituted for one that does.",
                        "request": {
                            "required": {
                                "source_record_id": "The science record the work is about.",
                                "source_content_hash": "The exact version of that record, as sha256:<hex>. The request is refused if the platform does not hold that version.",
                                "operation": "The operation to run.",
                                "operation_version": "The version of that operation.",
                                "inputs": "The inputs the operation takes."
                            },
                            "optional": {
                                "request_id": "The identity of the request. A retry with the same identity and the same request returns the execution that already exists, rather than running the work twice. A retry with the same identity and a different request — a different source, operation, set of inputs, set of parameters or provider — is refused, and the execution that already exists is left unchanged.",
                                "parameters": "The parameters of the run.",
                                "provider": "A provider that supports the exact operation. The default is Automated Assays. A provider that does not support the operation is refused and never substituted for one that does.",
                                "assay_id": "The identity of the assay entry the work concerns, inside the source record. A record of version 1.2 carries an ordered set of assays and every entry has an identity, so a request that names one says exactly which assay of the record the work belongs to. The entry has to be one the record holds and the operation has to be one that entry requires, or the request is refused rather than run against some other assay.",
                                "assay_entry": "The assay entry the work concerns, inside the source record. A science record carries an ordered set of assays, so a record and an operation do not on their own say which of that record's assays the work belongs to. Give definition_id, and definition_version and definition_digest when they are known. When the entry is given and does not match the operation named, the request is refused rather than quietly run against the other entry. This is the earlier form of the same reference and is still accepted; assay_id names the entry by the identity it has inside the record."
                            },
                            "refusals": {
                                "unsupported_operation": "This platform does not run the operation named.",
                                "unsupported_version": "This platform does not run that operation at the version named.",
                                "provider_unknown": "No provider is registered under the name given.",
                                "provider_unsupported": "The provider named does not offer the operation at a version that is available for execution.",
                                "no_provider_available": "The default provider does not offer the operation, and no provider that does something else is substituted for one.",
                                "source_record_missing": "The request did not name the science record the work is about.",
                                "source_hash_missing": "The request did not bind the exact version of the record, as a sha256 content hash.",
                                "source_record_not_held": "This platform holds no science record under that identifier.",
                                "source_hash_mismatch": "The version of the record the platform holds is not the version the request names.",
                                "request_id_conflict": "The request identity has already been answered by a different request. The execution that already exists is unchanged.",
                                "assay_entry_mismatch": "The assay entry named is not one the record holds, or it does not require the operation named, so the request does not say which assay of the record the work concerns."
                            },
                            "endpoint": {
                                "method": "POST",
                                "path": "/api/v1/executions",
                                "authentication": "A bearer token, checked by the paper-assay-api middleware.",
                                "responses": {
                                    "201": "The work ran, or the answer to this request had already been given.",
                                    "202": "The work is already under way under this identity. The execution is named in the response and can be read back.",
                                    "409": "The request identity has already been answered by a different request. The execution that already exists is unchanged.",
                                    "422": "The request was refused. The code and the reason are in the response."
                                }
                            }
                        },
                        "result": {
                            "request_id": "The identity of the request.",
                            "execution_id": "The identity of the execution.",
                            "status": "complete, refused or failed.",
                            "provider": "The provider that actually ran it, with the capability key and version.",
                            "source": "The record and the exact version it was bound to.",
                            "input_hash": "The canonical hash of the request inputs and parameters.",
                            "result_hash": "The canonical hash of the result.",
                            "evidence_hash": "The canonical hash of the evidence manifest.",
                            "finding": "What was found, in bounded words.",
                            "result": "The full result, in the shape the operation defines."
                        }
                    },
                    "limitations": [
                        "The analysis says whether the groups differ under the assumptions it screens for. It does not establish why they differ, and a non-significant result is not proof that the groups are the same.",
                        "The groups, the measurements and the significance level are declared by the caller. The platform does not infer them, and a comparison between groups that were not declared as comparable is the caller's responsibility."
                    ]
                }
            }
        ],
        "activities": [
            {
                "id": "activity:fork:pmid:26981379",
                "type": "fork",
                "label": "Opened from fork:pmid:26981379:gene-expression-profiling-of-human-calcific-aortic-valve-disease-8db11e48 at version sha256:2e6729e8e98ecd333224f78bd3d31915a952bbfd43f96f1dba390f716bfc6e48",
                "used": [
                    "fork:pmid:26981379:gene-expression-profiling-of-human-calcific-aortic-valve-disease-8db11e48"
                ],
                "agent": "agent:user:0195616cec89"
            },
            {
                "id": "activity:request-contract:group_comparison_anova",
                "type": "assay_request_contract",
                "label": "The request and result contract for this assay",
                "used": [
                    "assay-definition:group-comparison-analysis@0.1.0"
                ],
                "agent": "agent:automated-assays",
                "request": {
                    "required": {
                        "source_record_id": "The science record the work is about.",
                        "source_content_hash": "The exact version of that record, as sha256:<hex>. The request is refused if the platform does not hold that version.",
                        "operation": "The operation to run.",
                        "operation_version": "The version of that operation.",
                        "inputs": "The inputs the operation takes."
                    },
                    "optional": {
                        "request_id": "The identity of the request. A retry with the same identity and the same request returns the execution that already exists, rather than running the work twice. A retry with the same identity and a different request — a different source, operation, set of inputs, set of parameters or provider — is refused, and the execution that already exists is left unchanged.",
                        "parameters": "The parameters of the run.",
                        "provider": "A provider that supports the exact operation. The default is Automated Assays. A provider that does not support the operation is refused and never substituted for one that does.",
                        "assay_id": "The identity of the assay entry the work concerns, inside the source record. A record of version 1.2 carries an ordered set of assays and every entry has an identity, so a request that names one says exactly which assay of the record the work belongs to. The entry has to be one the record holds and the operation has to be one that entry requires, or the request is refused rather than run against some other assay.",
                        "assay_entry": "The assay entry the work concerns, inside the source record. A science record carries an ordered set of assays, so a record and an operation do not on their own say which of that record's assays the work belongs to. Give definition_id, and definition_version and definition_digest when they are known. When the entry is given and does not match the operation named, the request is refused rather than quietly run against the other entry. This is the earlier form of the same reference and is still accepted; assay_id names the entry by the identity it has inside the record."
                    },
                    "refusals": {
                        "unsupported_operation": "This platform does not run the operation named.",
                        "unsupported_version": "This platform does not run that operation at the version named.",
                        "provider_unknown": "No provider is registered under the name given.",
                        "provider_unsupported": "The provider named does not offer the operation at a version that is available for execution.",
                        "no_provider_available": "The default provider does not offer the operation, and no provider that does something else is substituted for one.",
                        "source_record_missing": "The request did not name the science record the work is about.",
                        "source_hash_missing": "The request did not bind the exact version of the record, as a sha256 content hash.",
                        "source_record_not_held": "This platform holds no science record under that identifier.",
                        "source_hash_mismatch": "The version of the record the platform holds is not the version the request names.",
                        "request_id_conflict": "The request identity has already been answered by a different request. The execution that already exists is unchanged.",
                        "assay_entry_mismatch": "The assay entry named is not one the record holds, or it does not require the operation named, so the request does not say which assay of the record the work concerns."
                    },
                    "endpoint": {
                        "method": "POST",
                        "path": "/api/v1/executions",
                        "authentication": "A bearer token, checked by the paper-assay-api middleware.",
                        "responses": {
                            "201": "The work ran, or the answer to this request had already been given.",
                            "202": "The work is already under way under this identity. The execution is named in the response and can be read back.",
                            "409": "The request identity has already been answered by a different request. The execution that already exists is unchanged.",
                            "422": "The request was refused. The code and the reason are in the response."
                        }
                    }
                },
                "result": {
                    "request_id": "The identity of the request.",
                    "execution_id": "The identity of the execution.",
                    "status": "complete, refused or failed.",
                    "provider": "The provider that actually ran it, with the capability key and version.",
                    "source": "The record and the exact version it was bound to.",
                    "input_hash": "The canonical hash of the request inputs and parameters.",
                    "result_hash": "The canonical hash of the result.",
                    "evidence_hash": "The canonical hash of the evidence manifest.",
                    "finding": "What was found, in bounded words.",
                    "result": "The full result, in the shape the operation defines."
                }
            }
        ],
        "agents": [
            {
                "id": "agent:user:0195616cec89",
                "type": "person",
                "label": "Automated Assays Administrator",
                "identity": "admin@automated-assays.local",
                "role": "author"
            },
            {
                "id": "agent:automated-assays",
                "type": "software",
                "label": "Automated Assays"
            }
        ],
        "source_run_id": "assays-session-8db11e48-2149-4d81-b70c-0b751de5f0f5",
        "dsl_catalogue_fingerprint": null,
        "capability_table_fingerprint": null,
        "snapshot_id": null
    },
    "lineage": {
        "parent_id": "fork:pmid:26981379:gene-expression-profiling-of-human-calcific-aortic-valve-disease-8db11e48",
        "parent_hash": "sha256:2e6729e8e98ecd333224f78bd3d31915a952bbfd43f96f1dba390f716bfc6e48",
        "fork_of": "pmid:26981379",
        "generation": 12
    },
    "gaps": [
        "execution.unbound: 3 runs against this record are not bound to a version of it, so are not published as evidence on an assay entry."
    ],
    "assays": [
        {
            "id": "assay:1",
            "role": "primary",
            "order_basis": "platform_plan_order:0",
            "definition_id": "group-comparison-analysis",
            "definition_version": "0.1.0",
            "definition_digest": "sha256:f1c5d3dfb8ca3c3061030d0f366addd1f61dd994520aa65a406632940618b75a",
            "required_operations": [
                "group_comparison_wilcoxon",
                "group_comparison_mann_whitney",
                "student_t",
                "group_comparison_anova"
            ],
            "support_state": "supported",
            "source_hashes": {
                "assay_definition": "sha256:f1c5d3dfb8ca3c3061030d0f366addd1f61dd994520aa65a406632940618b75a",
                "science_record": "sha256:a353b105e3521f7b07a6b31bade25f25e99afd2ffdad634bd102f06188b57966"
            },
            "definition": {
                "definition_id": "group-comparison-analysis",
                "definition_version": "0.1.0",
                "definition_digest": "sha256:f1c5d3dfb8ca3c3061030d0f366addd1f61dd994520aa65a406632940618b75a",
                "required_operations": [
                    "group_comparison_wilcoxon",
                    "group_comparison_mann_whitney",
                    "student_t",
                    "group_comparison_anova"
                ],
                "support_state": "supported",
                "input_contract": {
                    "observations": {
                        "type": "array",
                        "description": "The measurements to compare. Each carries the group the observation belongs to and the value that was measured.",
                        "required": true
                    }
                },
                "parameter_contract": {
                    "alpha": {
                        "type": "number",
                        "description": "The significance level, declared before the run and recorded with the result.",
                        "default": 0.05
                    }
                },
                "output_contract": {
                    "status": "complete",
                    "summary": "How many observations were compared and across how many groups",
                    "parameters": "The parameters the run was made under",
                    "dataset": "The rows the run was made over, with their hash",
                    "result": "The analysis of variance, the effect sizes, the assumption checks and the pairwise comparisons",
                    "result_sha256": "The canonical hash of the result",
                    "interpretation": "What the result does and does not say"
                }
            },
            "request": {
                "assay_id": "assay:1",
                "source_record_id": "fork:pmid:26981379:gene-expression-profiling-of-human-calcific-aortic-valve-disease-8db11e48",
                "source_content_hash": "sha256:85bc9fd98263084a989cd56140deaaac73bbc69a9f2853cec20dca630916daf8",
                "operation": "group_comparison_anova",
                "operation_version": "0.1.0",
                "inputs": [],
                "parameters": {
                    "reference_group": "Normal aortic valve",
                    "contrast_groups": [
                        "Sclerotic aortic valve",
                        "Calcified aortic valve"
                    ],
                    "alpha": 0.05,
                    "fold_change_threshold": 1.5,
                    "multiple_testing": "benjamini_hochberg"
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                "request_id": null,
                "provider": "automated-assays-computational"
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                "assay_id": "assay:1",
                "provider": "automated-assays-computational",
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                "evidence_hash": "323bed816d4b1e9f44d3cfba1bf1f021b7c0248ceb9ba839ed78287cbd429511",
                "status": "complete",
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                            "log2_fold_change": {
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                            "max_abs_log2_fold_change": 0.9758380268958426
                        }
                    ],
                    "differential_bound": {
                        "state": "bounded",
                        "shown": 50,
                        "total": 645,
                        "omitted": 595,
                        "complete_result_hash": "50a679ddbb8d627ce71d6e39139826a902378a9a0d0afa7390dbc49888af70a5",
                        "complete_result_run": "2f3bceb6-55ca-44fe-bc02-75359983f659",
                        "note": "This record carries the first 50 of these. The complete result is the run's own result, named by its hash."
                    },
                    "sample_count": 15,
                    "group_count": 3,
                    "published_target": {
                        "record_id": "pmid:26981379",
                        "source": {
                            "authority": "Corpus Engine",
                            "record_id": "pmid:26981379",
                            "content_hash": "sha256:a353b105e3521f7b07a6b31bade25f25e99afd2ffdad634bd102f06188b57966",
                            "document_sha256": "50d022cecd574931e4ca91d8d4e6ddc94e7206dee2df9ac7605c8aa80ef6917f",
                            "sci_version": "1.2",
                            "revision": 4,
                            "table_asset": {
                                "id": "asset:table:pmid:26981379:1",
                                "sha256": "sha256:899445f8a1682cc33fee2cc9dd59a6c66ab864e9975cfe0b1e3e9da343876edd",
                                "locator": "section[1]/table-wrap[1]#t0005",
                                "note": null
                            },
                            "built_by": "App\\Support\\Science\\CorpusReplicationTarget",
                            "built_at": "2026-11-02T02:45:12+00:00"
                        },
                        "statement": "Genes were defined as differentially expressed if the change was at least 2.0-fold and statistically significant (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA and Benjamini and Hochberg false discovery rate).",
                        "design": {
                            "reference_group": "Normal aortic valve",
                            "contrast_groups": [
                                "Sclerotic aortic valve",
                                "Calcified aortic valve"
                            ],
                            "alpha": 0.05,
                            "group_map": [],
                            "unmapped_paper_groups": [],
                            "expected_group_sizes": {
                                "Calcified aortic valve": 5,
                                "Normal aortic valve": 5,
                                "Sclerotic aortic valve": 5
                            }
                        },
                        "equivalence": {
                            "fold_change_relative_tolerance": 0.25,
                            "rule": "A published fold factor is a ratio: a positive value is the factor by which the expression is higher, a negative value the factor by which it is lower. The run agrees when the ratio it observes is within the declared relative tolerance of the published ratio and the run reaches the published significance. A run that gets the direction right but not the size is recorded as direction_only, not as a contradiction.",
                            "significance_rule": "A published p-value below the alpha is tested by asking whether the run also reaches that alpha. A published p-value above it is tested by asking whether the run stays above it, because the paper reports no difference there."
                        },
                        "claims": [],
                        "cross_check": [
                            {
                                "target_id": "target-fold-change-threshold",
                                "kind": "threshold",
                                "unit": "fold-change threshold",
                                "published_value": 2,
                                "status": "threshold",
                                "detail": "The target states a threshold and is applied to the run, not compared with a cell."
                            },
                            {
                                "target_id": "target-p-value-threshold",
                                "kind": "threshold",
                                "unit": "exclusive p-value threshold",
                                "published_value": 0.05,
                                "status": "threshold",
                                "detail": "The target states a threshold and is applied to the run, not compared with a cell."
                            }
                        ],
                        "gaps": []
                    },
                    "replication": null,
                    "sample_set_fidelity": {
                        "verdict": "matches_the_paper",
                        "expected_group_sizes": {
                            "Calcified aortic valve": 5,
                            "Normal aortic valve": 5,
                            "Sclerotic aortic valve": 5
                        },
                        "observed_group_sizes": {
                            "Calcified aortic valve": 5,
                            "Normal aortic valve": 5,
                            "Sclerotic aortic valve": 5
                        },
                        "differences": [],
                        "detail": "every group matches the size the paper states"
                    },
                    "method_inference": {
                        "operation": "infer_probe_mapping",
                        "operation_version": "0.1.0",
                        "record_id": "pmid:26981379",
                        "source": {
                            "authority": "Corpus Engine",
                            "record_id": "pmid:26981379",
                            "content_hash": "sha256:a353b105e3521f7b07a6b31bade25f25e99afd2ffdad634bd102f06188b57966",
                            "document_sha256": "50d022cecd574931e4ca91d8d4e6ddc94e7206dee2df9ac7605c8aa80ef6917f",
                            "sci_version": "1.2",
                            "revision": 4,
                            "table_asset": {
                                "id": "asset:table:pmid:26981379:1",
                                "sha256": "sha256:899445f8a1682cc33fee2cc9dd59a6c66ab864e9975cfe0b1e3e9da343876edd",
                                "locator": "section[1]/table-wrap[1]#t0005",
                                "note": null
                            },
                            "built_by": "App\\Support\\Science\\CorpusReplicationTarget",
                            "built_at": "2026-11-02T02:45:12+00:00"
                        },
                        "reference_group": "Normal aortic valve",
                        "tolerance": 0.25,
                        "genes": [],
                        "summary": {
                            "genes_considered": 0,
                            "genes_resolved": 0,
                            "genes_ambiguous": 0,
                            "genes_unresolved": 0,
                            "discriminating_genes": 0,
                            "discriminating_genes_resolved": 0,
                            "selected_features": [],
                            "selected_probe_classes": [],
                            "probe_class_consistency": "not_determined",
                            "probe_class_consistency_detail": "No gene with more than one candidate probe was resolved, so no probe class can be read from the result."
                        },
                        "gaps": []
                    },
                    "probe_stats": []
                }
            }
        }
    ]
}